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Chmod Permission Calculator Quick Presets 644 — Files 755 — Directories 600 — Private 777 — All Access 444 — Read-Only 700 — Owner Only 664 — Group Write 640 — Group Read Octal Value Type any octal value (000–777) or use the grid below Permission Grid Entity Read (r) Write (w) Execute (x) Octal Owner (u) ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 Group (g) ✓ ✓ ✓ 5 Others (o) ✓ ✓ ✓ 5 Special Permissions ✓ setuid — Run as file owner ✓ setgid — Run as group owner ✓ Sticky bit — Restrict deletion Result Octal (Numeric) 755 Symbolic Notation rwxr-xr-x rwxr-xr-x chmod 755 filename Copy What do permissions mean? Read (r) = 4 File: view contents. Directory: list contents (ls). Write (w) = 2 File: modify or delete. Directory: create/delete files inside. Execute (x) = 1 File: run as a program. Directory: enter (cd) the directory. Owner (u) The user who owns the file. Usually the creator. Group (g) Users in the file's associated group. Others (o) Everyone else on the system. setuid (4000) Executable runs with the owner's privileges. Appears as 's' in owner execute bit. setgid (2000) Executable runs with group's privileges. New files in dir inherit group. Sticky bit (1000) Only the file owner can delete files in a directory. Used on /tmp. Related Tools Build cron expressions → Cron Expression Generator ...

Generate properly formatted citations in APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard styles — for books, journal articles, websites, and conference papers. Paste them directly into your bibliography or export as text. Generator Bibliography Source Type Book Journal Article Website Conference Paper Citation Style APA 7th MLA 9th Chicago 17th Harvard Author(s) + Add Author Title Year Publisher Place of Publication Journal Name Volume Issue Pages Conference Name Conference Location DOI URL Access Date Website Name Citation Preview Reference List Fill in the fields above to generate a citation. In-text: Copy Reference Copy In-text Add to Bibliography Bibliography Sort A–Z Export as Text Clear All No citations yet. Generate one and click "Add to Bibliography". Related tools: ...

Paste your HTML, CSS, or JavaScript below and click Minify to strip whitespace, comments, and unnecessary characters. Works entirely in your browser — nothing is sent to a server. HTML CSS JavaScript Remove comments Collapse whitespace Remove optional closing tags Remove comments Remove whitespace Remove last semicolons Merge duplicate selectors Remove // comments Remove /* */ comments Collapse whitespace 📂 Upload file No file chosen ⚡ Minify ✨ Beautify 📋 Copy Result Clear Output Related tools: SQL Formatter  |  JSON Formatter ...

Instantly preview how any color or palette appears to people with different types of color vision deficiency. Useful for designers, developers, and accessibility auditors. Color Input + Add Color (max 5) Simulate Reset Simulation Results Colors are approximated using the Vienot/Brettel algorithm. Results are visual estimates, not medical definitions. Accessibility Tips Designing for Color Vision Deficiency Never rely on color alone to convey meaning — use labels, patterns, or icons alongside color. Ensure sufficient contrast between adjacent colors (aim for WCAG AA: 4.5:1 for text). Avoid red-green combinations as the primary distinguishing factor in charts or UI. Use colorblind-friendly palettes (e.g., Okabe-Ito, IBM Carbon, or Colorbrewer) for data visualization. Test your designs with a simulator — tools like this one cover the most common deficiency types. Add texture or pattern fills to charts in addition to color coding. Provide alternative text descriptions for color-coded information. Color Vision Deficiency Statistics Type Description Affected (approx.) DeuteranopiaGreen cone absent (red-green)1% of males ProtanopiaRed cone absent (red-green)1% of males DeuteranomalyGreen cone shifted (most common)5% of males ProtanomalyRed cone shifted1% of males TritanopiaBlue cone absent (blue-yellow)~0.003% (all) TritanomalyBlue cone shifted~0.01% (all) AchromatopsiaNo color vision (total)~0.003% (all) AchromatomalyReduced color visionRare Source: Colour Blind Awareness. Male prevalence is higher for X-linked types (red-green). ~8% of males and ~0.5% of females have some form of color vision deficiency. ...

Enter any foreground and background color to instantly calculate the WCAG 2.1 contrast ratio. See whether your color pair passes AA or AAA compliance for normal text, large text, and UI components. ...

Color Contrast Checker WCAG 2.1 — AA & AAA compliance checker with live preview and color blindness simulation ...

Convert any color between HEX, RGB, HSL, HSV/HSB, CMYK, and CSS named colors instantly. Pick a color, paste a value in any format, and every other format updates live. Generate lighter and darker shades, find the complementary color, and copy any format with one click. ...

Type your text, pick up to 5 color stops, and generate a beautiful color gradient across every character. Preview the result live, then copy the HTML (inline color spans) or the CSS background-clip gradient version. Your Text Hello World! Preview size: 36px Color Stops + Add Color Stop Skip spaces (no color on spaces) Bold preview Live Preview Output HTML (inline spans) CSS gradient Copy Output Reset Copied! Generate color schemes → Color Scheme Generator ...

Mixed Color #7B6FBD #7B6FBD⎘ rgb(123, 111, 189)⎘ hsl(248, 35%, 59%)⎘ Colors to Mix + Add Another Color (up to 5) Total: 100% Tints & Shades Tints (+ White) Shades (+ Black) Complementary Color #8D7F3B Opposite on the color wheel — great for contrast & accents Use as Color 1 Color History Mix colors to build history... Clear History How to Use the Color Mixer Select colors: Click the color swatch (left of each row) to open the browser’s native color picker, or type a HEX code directly into the input field. Up to 5 colors can be mixed simultaneously. ...

Find the closest CSS named color to any hex, RGB, or HSL value — instantly. Browse all 148 CSS named colors, search by name, and copy values with one click. Find Closest CSS Color Name HEX RGB Picker HEX Color Find Name Enter a 6-digit hex code (e.g. #ff6347) ...